Constitutive soil model

Numerical methods are widely used for engineering application, e.g. as finite element analysis (continuum approach). Therefore, the material behavior is described on the macroscopic scale by means of a stress-strain relation, which aims to describe the soil behavior under generic external loading condition. During the past decades, large amounts of stress-strain relations have been developed: from linear-elastic, elasto-plastic, cap-model and hypoplasticity.